Time to Stop Complaining?

(Title image: Photo by 光术 山影 on Unsplash)

Nine years after my initial breast cancer diagnosis, I was still finding things to complain about. Yes, it’s 100% true that cancer treatments (surgery, chemo, radiation, endocrine therapy, etc.) are kind of like taking a 2-by-4 between the eyes. You do your best to keep yourself afloat but, with the exception of the effectiveness of the treatments on the tumor cells, you could argue that they are a net negative for the rest of your body.

Once treatments are done, side effects can linger. Some of them may linger for quite a long time, years even. And that’s where I got caught up in all of this.

The problem is that along with cancer treatment, other things are happening in parallel. Because I was pre-/peri-menopausal at the time of diagnosis, the onset of chemotherapy also resulted in a hard stop to my menstruation. This brought with it effects, although luckily mild, that aligned with a menopausal transition.

But there was more. At one point I was so panicked about memory issues that my oncologist decided to do a brain MRI, which found nothing (well, it found my brain…but no brain tumor. I’ll take it). But this was also during a particularly anxiety-driven point in my life, and that’s something that can also affect memory and basic mental functioning.

Imagine taking one of these planks to your face; that’s my impression of cancer treatment.
(Photo by Patrick Robert Doyle on Unsplash)

And so it went, on and on. I saw a cardiologist because I was experiencing heartbeat irregularities—probably anxiety-related also—but even after a stint wearing a Holter monitor (which reminded me of my chemo port, ugh), nothing serious was identified. In fact, the cardiologist remarked that I had a very strong heart. Not what I had feared, but good news.

I was frustrated with the effects of endocrine therapy on muscle wasting, something that I perceived as a huge loss, but when I finished up physical therapy for my shoulder a month ago, the therapists pointed out my strength and flexibility.

I was focused on how much I had lost, somehow ignoring the fact that I just turned 60. I was comparing myself to my abilities in my 40s, which—no big surprise—isn’t reasonable.

It really hit me when I attended an online event with other cancer patients and survivors. I wasn’t experiencing the level of impairment that others described.

This made me think hard about how I perceived myself. I finished my main treatments over eight years ago. That’s a long time, so why was I attributing anything that went “wrong” to cancer? I was doing very well. Still exercising. Still working my job. Still trying new things. Still not feeling my age.

I have nothing to complain about and a lot to be grateful for. The fact is, I left my post-cancer struggles behind some time ago. The “side effects” I thought I was still experiencing are miniscule compared what others, particularly those my age, are dealing with.

So I’m going to do my best to shut up about them.

Protection Against Doxorubicin’s Cardiotoxicity: Exercise?

One of the strongest chemotherapy drugs used for breast cancer is doxorubicin, a drug in the anthracyline family that you might know as Adriamycin. It’s called “The Red Devil” due to its bright red color and tendency to temporarily dye the bodily fluids of its recipient red, but also due to its toxicity.

While it is highly effective, its use is limited by its potentially serious side effects, including damage to the heart. According to Drugs.com, “[b]ecause of its heart toxicity, doxorubicin has a maximum cumulative dose that can be given to each patient. The higher the total dose you receive over time, the greater your chance of heart side effects.”

Doxorubicin is a highly effective chemotherapy, but carries with it a considerable risk of heart toxicity.

There has been interest in discovering other drugs that can decrease the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin, particularly since in addition to breast cancer, it is used against a variety of other cancers.

But as with so many things cancer-related, the drugs given to protect against chemotherapy side effects themselves have side effects, so it’s useful to explore other means of achieving protection from the toxic effects of doxorubicin.

Can Exercise Help?

In a webinar for the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) that I attended on May 18, 2023, University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology researcher Dr. Ashley Smuder and her lab presented research about the protective effects of exercise on the heart and muscle doxorubicin.

Importantly, Dr. Smuder’s lab was able to demonstrate that exercise-trained rats who were then given doxorubicin showed a decrease in the amount of drug that accumulated in the heart and diaphragm compared to sedentary rats, echoing the results of Parry and Hayward (2015, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol). Those results had suggested that exercise didn’t diminish and even increased the amount of doxorubicin that made it to the cancer tumor while decreasing the amount of the drug that went to the heart (left ventricle) and diaphragm.

Exercise keeps rodents healthier, even under a punishing chemotherapy regimen.

While the actual mechanism of this protective effect is still being researched, once again these studies show the benefits of exercise in a cancer situation.

Additionally, a doctoral student in Dr. Smuder’s lab, Brendan Nguyen, reported on work that he’s done showing the differences of exercise on fat mass and lean mass in rats administered doxorubicin using the same infusion schedule that a human patient would received (4 doses, 3 weeks apart). There were four conditions: (1) a sedentary group that received saline injections, (2) a sedentary group that received doxorubicin, (3) a moderate-exercise group that received doxorubicin, (4) a high-intensity exercise training (HIIT) group that received doxorubicin.

  • Moderate exercise: rats ran on a treadmill 3 days/week at a speed of 30 meters/min for 60 min/session.
  • HIIT exercise: rats ran on a treadmill 3 days/week, four 4-min bouts at 45 meters/min with 3 minutes of active recovery in between the bouts.

Not surprisingly, the exercise training had a significant effect on the body composition of the animals. Sedentary rats in both groups had an increased risk of obesity. Both groups of exercising rats (both moderate exercise and HIIT) saw a decrease in fat mass during this time and were able to avoid doxorubicin-induced cardiorespiratory weakness. Also, the HIIT exercise animals showed a significant increase in lean mass in addition to the drop in fat mass.

For reliable protection from the negative physiological effects of chemotherapy, exercise is still your best bet.

These findings in rats reflect similar results that have been obtained in humans (Battaglini et al, 2014, World J Clin Oncol; Lee et al, 2019, BMC Cancer; Lee et al, 2021, Support Care Cancer). Brendan noted that particularly HIIT exercise “may prevent unfavorable changes in body composition” compared to a sedentary condition.

The take-home message here remains the same as it’s been in my other posts. If you don’t currently exercise, start now. And then don’t stop. It’s easy to keep laboratory rats active and fit, but humans find many reasons not to challenge themselves with physical activity. If you needed a reason, these studies provide a little encouragement to find your favorite movement modality and make exercise a life-long habit.

REFERENCES

Battaglini CL, Mills RC, Phillips BL, Lee JT, Story CE, Nascimento MG, Hackney AC (2014) Twenty-five years of research on the effects of exercise training in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review of the literature. World J Clin Oncol, 5, 177-190. https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.177.

Lee K, Kang I, Mack WJ, Mortimer J, Sattler F, Salem G, Dieli-Conwright CM (2019) Feasibility of high intensity interval training in patients with breast Cancer undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy: a randomized pilot trial. BMC Cancer, 19, 653. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5887-7.

Lee K, Norris MK, Wang E, Dieli-Conwright CM (2021) Effect of high-intensity interval training on patient-reported outcomes and physical function in women with breast cancer receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer, 29, 6863-6870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06294-7.

Parry TL, Hayward R (2015) Exercise training does not affect anthracycline antitumor efficacy while attenuating cardiac dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 309, R675-83. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00185.2015.

Smuder AJ, Nguyen BL (May 18, 2023) Cardiorespiratory muscle response to chemotherapy and exercise. ACSM’s From Around The Field webinar.