Tag: Risk

Breast Cancer: Do You Know Your Risks?

(Title image: Photo by Michael Shannon on Unsplash)

Since we’re creeping up on October, commonly known here as the very pink Breast Cancer Awareness Month, I thought it might be a good time to post the most common risk factors for breast cancer…and then explain the problem with focusing on them.

For reference, I used the risk factor list posted on the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. The CDC’s list focuses on women, as they are the ones at greatest risk of developing breast cancer; a shocking 1 in 8 women (~12%) will develop breast cancer at some point in their lives.

But on to the list. The CDC divides breast cancer risk factors into two categories: risk factors that you cannot change and risk factors that you can change.

The ones that you cannot change are the following:

Age – The older you are, the greater the risk, with the majority of cases occuring in women aged 50 and above. Last I checked aging was still a thing, so we’re all heading in this direction.

Genes – BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations put you at significantly greater risk for breast and ovarian cancer. This is one family heirloom that you’re better off not inheriting.

Age at first menstruation and menopause – Starting periods before age 12 and menopause after age 55 exposes you to higher levels of circulating female hormones for a longer time. The longer you steep in hormones, the more chance of developing the cancer. This is a little unfair, I think, because estrogen also helps maintain muscle mass, bone density and skin elasticity which are all good things, but that’s how it goes.

Breast density – The denser the breast tissue, the higher the risk. Denser tissue also potentially makes it more difficult to detect tumors. Dense breast tissue is less fatty and more fibrous and glandular…and more likely to occur in women with lower bodyfat, which is ironic considering it’s also better to leaner (see below).

Find out your family history of cancer and explore your genes.
(Photo by Antonino Visalli on Unsplash)

Personal and family histories of cancer and other breast diseases – Having had previous breast cancer yourself or in a close family member (including ovarian cancer) may raise your risk. This is a great reason to make health a family affair and encourage everyone around you to do what they can to reduce their risks.

Early exposure to radiation therapy – Having had radiation treatments to the chest prior to age 30 may raise your risk of developing a tumor later on. This is a double-whammy: survive one cancer (like lymphoma) by going through treatment…and get smacked with breast cancer.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) – If you were given DES (to reduce chances of miscarriage; no longer prescribed) or your mother took this drug when pregnant with you, it may have increased your breast cancer risk. Again, proof that life isn’t fair.

The risk factors that you have some control over:

Physical activity – Being sedentary is associated with higher risk. If you ever needed a wake-up call to get moving, this is it (and while you’re at it, have your family members join you).

Postmenopausal overweight or obesity – Being an older woman with a higher bodyfat percentage may increase your risk, so menopause is a great time to reevaluate your diet and consider why you’re eating what you’re eating—is it just out of habit? Boredom? Depression?

Hormone replacement therapy – Taking hormones post menopause for more than five years may increase the chances of developing breast cancer (see “Age at first menstruation and menopause” above). So unfortunately, hormone replacement treatment to help with menopausal symptoms may end up working against you.

Pregnancy history – Never having a full-term pregnancy, getting pregnant after age 30 or never breastfeeding may all affect your risk. To be fair, these can be more difficult to control and no one should ever feel guilty about any of them.

Rethink your drink.
(Photo by Bermix Studio on Unsplash)

Alcohol – Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing breast cancer. If you are using alcohol as a socially-accepted means of self-medication, consider quitting and using money you’d otherwise spend on drinks to find yourself a good therapist.

There are of course other, perhaps less well-established risk factors, but the above give an idea of the wide variety of different factors involved.

Okay, so what if you can say that you’re in the clear with most of these factors? I certainly did. Based on my lifestyle, I figured that breast cancer was something that I’d never have to worry about.

And I had reason to think this way. According to the National Cancer Institute’s risk calculator, at the time of my diagnosis, I had a 1.3% chance of developing breast cancer within the next five years. That is a very low percentage! And yet, I developed a tumor.

Does that mean the calculator’s answer isn’t meaningful or that risk factors don’t matter? Not at all. It means that your risk percentage is only that, your calculated risk. Everyone would be well-served to live as healthy a life as they can, keeping in mind that having a number of risk factors doesn’t definitively mean that you will get breast cancer.

At the same time, no one should assume that a low risk means you won’t get cancer. It’s still very important to get screened regularly and see your doctor about any lumps that you find, because while you might not be able to prevent breast cancer despite your best efforts, catching your tumor at an early stage provides you with the greastest chances for a positive outcome.

The Dangers of Elle Macpherson’s Cancer Treatment Choices

(Title image: Photo by Naser Tamimi on Unsplash)

Supermodel Elle Macpherson recently made the news with an interview with the Australian Women’s Weekly magazine when she revealed her breast cancer diagnosis.

She was diagnosed in 2017 (as I was!), so the fact that she’s here and talking about it suggests that her treatment worked.

But what was her treatment? According to the article, following diagnosis Elle consulted with 32 doctors (and experts, although it’s unclear in what) and ultimately decided to follow a holistic treatment path. In her own words, “an intuitive, heart-led, holistic approach”.

She decided to forego a mastectomy in favor of a lumpectomy (as I also did) but also dispensed with the conventional chemotherapy, radiation and hormone therapy (I went the conventional route).

So let me clarify some things here: Elle had the lump removed. If the cancer had not spread (which presumably it hadn’t) AND no rogue cancer cells had gotten out AND the surgeon confirmed “clear margins” upon excision of the tumor, it’s certainly possible that all evidence of the cancer was removed from Elle’s body with that surgery.

As we survivors know, everyone’s cancer is different. That’s why we discourage comparing tumors or offering advice. What works for one person may not for another because so much depends on the state of the individual…and probably on a lot of other factors that we are not even aware of, even with present day advances in cancer treatment.

Elle has even stated that her treatment is not for everyone. Who knows, she might have said this for legal reasons…because you can see what’s going to happen. While Elle, as a former supermodel, businesswoman, etc., might have access to whatever specialists and level of care she desires, most of us will not.

Do you feel lucky? Rejecting conventional cancer treatments in favor of clinically unproven ones can be a big gamble.
(Photo by Chris Liverani on Unsplash)

Elle asserted: “I want to help and encourage others to follow their heart and give things a go.” Sadly, when it comes to something as slippery as cancer, following our hearts is not always the best choice of action, no matter how much we want it to be.

My concern is that a newly-diagnosed breast cancer patient, fearful of the admittedly-harsh treatments that modern medicine offers, might decide to take Elle’s path (“she did it so I can too!”). But unless this person is independently wealthy or otherwise connected, they will have to cobble together a questionable plan with minimal support, and possibly fall prey to unscrupulous players looking to make a buck out of someone’s desperation.

And in these days of growing suspicion of science and the advice of doctors—brought on by pandemic-related missteps or perceived draconian measures—the chance of patients rejecting well-worn treatments is even more likely. Statistically, this would result in more lives lost to the disease.

When I made my own treatment choices, I didn’t go with the harshest stuff that my oncologist offered, opting for very effective (and, yes, cardiotoxic) Herceptin immunotherapy instead of lobbying my insurance to cover the even-more-effective (but even more toxic) Perjeta for my HER2+ cancer. I also had to cut my hormone therapy short by a number of years due to how it affected my ability to exercise, which has also been shown to have a strong effect on preventing cancer recurrence. These were measured choices, as it’s clear that Elle’s were.

At the same time, in the back of my mind I know I can’t say I did everything I could to blast my cancer into submission. But I do feel that taking everything into consideration, I did enough. My oncologist agrees.

As far as Elle’s treatment is concerned…I also did a number of things that she did, including meditation, exercise, therapy (our cancer center was very supportive of complementary therapies) and more. I cannot say how much conventional treatments vs. complementary ones contributed to my remission, but I assume each played a role. And the combination gave me peace of mind, which I would not have had, had I chosen only alternative therapies.

Ultimately, I hope we get to the point where we can eliminate the most toxic treatments and heal ourselves more gently. Ideally, we’d even prevent cancer. Huge strides have been made in cancer treatment, but we are not there yet. Every time we decline a proven treatment, we roll the dice. I’m hoping that Elle’s story does not unnecessarily put people with fewer resources at risk.